1. What is the history behind Karuizawa becoming a popular tourist destination in Japan?
Karuizawa is a small town located in Nagano Prefecture, Japan. It dates back to the late 19th century when it was first discovered by European missionaries who were drawn to the area for its cooler climate and natural beauty. They began building summer houses and villas as retreats from the heat and crowds of the cities.
In 1886, Canadian missionary Alexander Croft Shaw built the first church in Karuizawa, which still stands today as a symbol of the town’s western influence. Shortly after, American missionary A.C. Shaw established a Bible school and several other western-style buildings were constructed, cementing Karuizawa’s reputation as a “resort for foreigners”.
In the early 20th century, more Japanese visitors started coming to Karuizawa due to its reputation as a Western-style resort town and its favorable climate for escaping the summer heat. The invention of train travel also made it easier for people from Tokyo to visit, further increasing its popularity.
During World War II, many European embassies relocated to Karuizawa due to its safety from bombing raids. After the war ended and Tokyo began to rebuild, Karuizawa became a popular destination for vacationers looking for relaxation and stress relief.
In 1958, Prince Akihito (now Emperor Emeritus) visited Karuizawa with his family. This royal attention brought even more attention to the town and cemented its status as an elite vacation destination for wealthy Japanese families.
Today, Karuizawa remains a popular tourist destination known for its scenic nature trails, luxury hotels and resorts, golf courses, shopping outlets with designer brands such as Prada and Gucci, and cultural events such as music festivals. Its history as a retreat for foreigners has greatly influenced its international atmosphere and appeal.
2. How did the development of the Hokuriku Shinkansen railway line impact tourism in Karuizawa?
The development of the Hokuriku Shinkansen railway line greatly impacted tourism in Karuizawa in several ways:
1. Increased accessibility: Before the construction of the Hokuriku Shinkansen line, accessing Karuizawa was not easy as it required a long journey by train or car. With the introduction of this high-speed rail line, the travel time from Tokyo to Karuizawa reduced from approximately 3 hours to just one hour. This improved connectivity has made it easier for tourists to visit and explore Karuizawa, leading to an increase in tourist numbers.
2. More affordable travel: The high-speed bullet trains are relatively more affordable than flying or taking a private vehicle, making it a popular choice among tourists. With this new transportation option, more people are now able to travel to Karuizawa and enjoy its attractions.
3. Development of new tourism infrastructure: With an increase in tourist numbers, there has been a corresponding increase in demand for accommodation and other essential services such as restaurants, shops, and recreational facilities. As a result, there has been significant development in the tourism infrastructure of Karuizawa with the opening of new hotels, resorts, and other facilities to cater to the needs of visitors.
4. Attraction for domestic and international tourists: The opening of the Hokuriku Shinkansen line not only increased accessibility for domestic tourists but also made it easier for international tourists to reach Karuizawa. This has helped boost international tourism in the town.
5. Promotion of local culture and economy: The Hokuriku Shinkansen line has encouraged visitors to explore beyond major cities like Tokyo and experience smaller towns like Karuizawa. This has given local businesses an opportunity to promote their unique culture, traditions, crafts, and food products. As a result, there has been an economic boost for local businesses and farmers selling fresh produce.
In conclusion, the development of the Hokuriku Shinkansen railway line has greatly benefited Karuizawa’s tourism industry by improving accessibility, increasing tourist numbers, and promoting economic growth in the region.
3. Can you recommend any historical landmarks to visit in Karuizawa?
1. Karuizawa Prince Shopping Plaza – This shopping plaza, established in 1970, is located on the grounds of the former summer retreat of Baron Ryozo Ueda and features a variety of shops and restaurants, as well as a history museum that showcases the area’s development over the years.
2. Former Mikasa Hotel – Originally built in 1906, this historic hotel was a popular summer destination for wealthy individuals during the Meiji and Taisho periods. Visitors can tour the remaining buildings and learn about its history as one of Japan’s first resort hotels.
3. Harunire Terrace – This charming outdoor shopping center was once a traditional silk weaving village, and many of its buildings have been preserved and repurposed into shops and cafes. Take a stroll through the area to get a sense of traditional Japanese architecture and culture.
4. Usui Pass Railway Cultural Village – Located at the foot of Mount Asama just outside of Karuizawa, this open-air museum offers visitors a glimpse into the history of Japan’s railway industry through various exhibits including steam locomotives and train cars.
5. St Paul’s Catholic Church – Built in 1895 by Canadian missionary Alexander Croft Shaw, this wooden church is one of Karuizawa’s oldest landmarks and is still used for worship services today. The structure has been designated as an Important Cultural Property by the Japanese government.
6. Kumobaike Pond – This scenic pond is said to have inspired famous haiku poet Matsuo Basho during his travels to Karuizawa in the Edo period. It is also home to a statue of Katsushika Hokusai, another renowned Japanese artist who visited Karuizawa multiple times.
7. Oiwake Jinja Shrine – Dating back over 1,200 years, this Shinto shrine is said to be one of Karuizawa’s oldest religious sites. It is dedicated to the deity of safe travel and offers a serene atmosphere for visitors to explore.
8. Karuizawa Ginza Street – This area was once a bustling hub for travelers during the Meiji period and still retains its charming, traditional atmosphere with over 200 shops and restaurants lining the streets.
9. Stone Church – Designed by American architect Kendrick Kellogg, this modernist church is a popular spot for weddings in Karuizawa due to its unique design and beautiful natural surroundings.
10. St. Peter’s Church – This Anglican church was built in 1913 by British architect Josiah Conder and features striking Gothic architecture. Visitors can attend services or simply admire the building’s beauty and history.
4. Are there any unique architectural designs or buildings that are a must-see in Karuizawa?
There are several unique architectural designs and buildings in Karuizawa that are worth checking out:1. Kumanokodo Art Museum: Designed by renowned Japanese architect Hiroshi Naito, this museum is built in the shape of a cocoon and features skylights that provide natural lighting.
2. St. Paul’s Catholic Church: This church was designed by American architect Kendrick Kellogg and features a distinctive triangular shape with a pointed roof.
3. Bell House: This house, also known as “Yamada Villa,” was designed by famous Japanese architect Antonin Raymond and boasts a unique blend of Western and Japanese architectural styles.
4. Kan Nagata House: Built in 1995 by architect Toyo Ito, this house is characterized by its unconventional design featuring large windows and curved walls.
5. Takasaki Tower: Designed by Kenzo Tange, one of Japan’s most influential architects, this tower stands at 30 meters tall and resembles a pine tree with its multiple branches extending upwards.
6. Kumobaike Pond Resthouse: A popular spot for tourists to relax and enjoy the scenery, this resthouse was designed with wood and glass to blend into nature seamlessly.
7. Hoshinoya Karuizawa Resort: Situated in the forest of Karuizawa, this luxury resort was designed by acclaimed Japanese architect Rie Azuma to fit harmoniously into its natural surroundings.
8. Karuizawa Prince Hotel Ski Jump Stadium: Known as one of the most iconic landmarks in Karuizawa, this stadium is notable for its unique design resembling a pair of wings or an opened fan.
9. The Hyuga Bridge Overpass Intersection: Designed by artist Ushio Shinohara, this overpass intersection is decorated with colorful sculptures representing different seasons that light up at night.
10. Harunire Terrace: Located near Kyukaruizawa Ginza-dori street, this shopping and dining complex features a modern fusion of Scandinavian and Japanese architectural styles.
5. I’ve heard about an iconic stone church in Karuizawa, can you tell me more about it?
Yes, the stone church in Karuizawa is called the Karuizawa Shaw Memorial Church. It was built in 1895 by Alexander Croft Shaw, a Canadian missionary who had a great impact on the development of Christianity in Japan. The church’s distinctive Romanesque-style architecture and beautiful stone exterior make it a popular tourist attraction. Many visitors attend services or participate in weddings held at the church.
6. Has Karuizawa played a significant role in Japanese history?
Karuizawa is not known for playing a significant role in Japanese history. It was originally a small, remote village in the mountains and did not gain attention until the late 1800s when Westerners began to visit for its cooler climate and beautiful natural surroundings. In the early 1900s, it became popular as a summer retreat for wealthy Tokyo residents. However, there are a few historical events that took place in Karuizawa:1. The Nagano Olympic Winter Games: Karuizawa hosted some of the ski jumping events during the 1998 Nagano Winter Olympics.
2. The Treaty of Shimoda: In 1855, representatives from Japan and Russia met in Karuizawa to negotiate the Treaty of Shimoda, which ended an ongoing dispute over trade and borders between the two countries.
3. The Second World War: During World War II, the Imperial Japanese Army had a military intelligence facility in Karuizawa called “The Lodge”. After Japan’s surrender in 1945, General Douglas MacArthur used this facility as his residence while overseeing the occupation of Japan.
4. Greenpeace International: Greenpeace International has its global headquarters based in Karuizawa since 2000.
Overall, while not known for major historical events, Karuizawa does have some interesting connections to Japanese history through its international visitors and diplomatic relations with other countries.
7. Are there any famous figures or events associated with Karuizawa’s landmarks and sights?
Yes, there are a few famous figures and events associated with Karuizawa’s landmarks and sights.
1. John Lennon – The famous Beatles member stayed at the Mampei Hotel in Karuizawa for several weeks in 1977, where he composed many songs for his album “Double Fantasy.”
2. William Smith Clark – This American educator visited Karuizawa in 1876 and is credited with bringing Western education to Japan. There is a statue of him at the entrance of Karuizawa Prince Shopping Plaza.
3. Yoko Ono and Sean Lennon – In honor of John Lennon’s connection to Karuizawa, his widow Yoko Ono and their son Sean Lennon have visited and participated in events in the town over the years.
4. Emperor Showa – The former Emperor of Japan, Hirohito (known as Emperor Showa after his death), often vacationed in Karuizawa during the summer months.
5. Taisetsu Hall – This concert hall has hosted performances by renowned Japanese artists such as Hibari Misora, Shinichi Mori, and Kazumasa Oda.
6. Shingei Tanaka Memorial Gallery – This gallery showcases the works of Shingei Tanaka, a renowned Japanese painter who was known for his landscapes of Karuizawa.
7. Women’s Professional Golf Championship – The famous women’s golf tournament has been held at the Karuizawa 72 Golf East Course since 1980.
8. Miyota Brewery – This brewery, established in 1867, is famous for its flagship beer “Karuizawa Kogen.” It also holds an annual beer festival attracting many visitors from all over Japan.
8. What outdoor activities can one enjoy while discovering historical landmarks and sightseeing in Karuizawa?
Some outdoor activities that can be enjoyed while discovering historical landmarks and sightseeing in Karuizawa include:
1. Hiking: There are many hiking trails in Karuizawa that take you through the beautiful mountainous landscape and past historical sites such as old temples and shrines.
2. Cycling: Karuizawa is a popular destination for cyclists due to its scenic routes and bike-friendly roads. You can rent a bicycle and explore the town while stopping at historical landmarks along the way.
3. Golfing: There are several golf courses in Karuizawa, some of which have been around since the early 1900s. Playing a round of golf while taking in the surrounding nature is a great way to experience the town’s historical charm.
4. Nature walks: Take a leisurely stroll through Karuizawa’s forests and parks, which are dotted with historical sites such as memorial stones, old houses, and ruins.
5. Skiing/Snowboarding: During winter, visitors can hit the slopes at one of Karuizawa’s ski resorts, many of which have been operating for decades and offer beautiful views of Mount Asama.
6. Tennis: The town has a long history of tennis, dating back to when it was first introduced by foreigners in the late 1800s. You can play a match or take lessons at one of Karuizawa’s many tennis facilities.
7. River rafting: For thrill-seekers, there are opportunities for river rafting on nearby rivers such as Chikuma River and Arakawa River.
8. Horseback riding: Experience Karuizawa’s natural beauty by horseback riding through forests and fields to visit historic sites like old farmhouses or shrines.
9. Is there a particular season that is most recommended for visiting historical sites and sightseeing in Karuizawa?
The best time to visit Karuizawa for historical sites and sightseeing is during the spring (March-May) and autumn (September-November) seasons. During these months, the weather is mild and comfortable, making it perfect for walking around and exploring the different historical sites in the area. In addition, you can enjoy beautiful cherry blossoms in spring and vibrant foliage in autumn, adding a picturesque backdrop to your sightseeing experience.
10.Aside from its natural beauty, what other reasons make Karuizawa a popular destination for tourists?
Karuizawa is a popular destination for tourists for the following reasons:
1. Easy access: Located only 90 minutes away from Tokyo by train, Karuizawa is easily accessible and makes for a convenient day trip or weekend getaway.
2. Cool climate: The town’s high altitude of approximately 1000 meters gives it a cool and refreshing climate, making it a popular escape from the summer heat in other parts of Japan.
3. Outdoor activities: Karuizawa offers a wide range of outdoor activities such as hiking, skiing, golfing, and cycling, making it an ideal destination for nature lovers and adventure seekers.
4. Onsen (hot springs): The town is home to numerous natural hot springs, known as onsen, where tourists can relax and rejuvenate in mineral-rich waters.
5. Historical significance: Karuizawa has played a significant role in Japanese history, being one of the first places to embrace western influence during the Meiji era. It was also a favorite destination for foreign missionaries and diplomats during this time.
6. Shopping and dining: The town has a variety of boutique shops selling unique souvenirs and local crafts, as well as numerous restaurants offering delicious local cuisine.
7. Cultural attractions: Karuizawa is home to several cultural attractions such as museums, art galleries, and historic buildings that showcase the town’s rich heritage.
8. Events and festivals: Throughout the year, Karuizawa hosts various events and festivals that attract tourists from all over Japan, such as the Karuizawa Snow Festival in winter and the Autumn Leaves Festival in autumn.
9. Relaxing atmosphere: As a small town surrounded by nature, Karuizawa offers visitors a peaceful and tranquil atmosphere, perfect for unwinding and escaping from city life.
10. International appeal: With its international community consisting of expats, second homeowners, and visitors from all over the world, Karuizawa has a unique and diverse atmosphere that appeals to tourists seeking a global experience.
11.What types of accommodations are available when visiting for historical and sightseeing purposes?
There are several types of accommodations available when visiting for historical and sightseeing purposes:
1. Hotels: These are the most common and popular type of accommodations for tourists. They offer a range of rooms from standard to luxury, and can often be found in or near desirable historical locations.
2. Bed and Breakfasts: These are smaller, more intimate accommodations that offer a personalized experience. They are often located in historic buildings or neighborhoods and provide a comfortable atmosphere with homemade breakfast included.
3. Guesthouses: Similar to bed and breakfasts, guesthouses offer smaller, more traditional accommodations with a local touch. They may also offer meals or cultural activities as part of the experience.
4. Inns: Inns are typically smaller hotels that offer cozy and charming rooms, often with historical or cultural themes.
5. Homestays: This type of accommodation allows travelers to stay in someone’s home as a guest. It offers a unique cultural experience and the opportunity to interact with locals.
6. Hostels: These budget-friendly accommodations offer dorm-style rooms with shared facilities such as bathrooms and kitchens. They can be found in or near historical areas, making it easy for travelers to explore on foot.
7. Campgrounds: For those seeking a more outdoorsy experience, there are campgrounds available near historical sights. These may have basic amenities like bathrooms and showers, but also allow visitors to immerse themselves in nature while exploring the area’s history.
8. Vacation rentals: These can include apartments, cottages, villas, or houses that can be rented out for short stays through platforms like Airbnb or VRBO. They can provide a unique lodging option for those who want more privacy and space during their historical sightseeing trip.
9.Interactive experiences: Some museums or historic sites may offer interactive experiences such as living history demonstrations where visitors can participate in activities related to the time period being showcased.
10.Guided tours: Many places of historical significance offer guided tours, which can provide a deeper understanding and context to the sights being visited. These may be walking tours, bus tours, or even boat tours depending on the location.
11.Self-guided tours: For those who prefer to explore at their own pace, self-guided audio tours or printed materials may be available to provide information about the history and significance of the sights being visited.
12.What is the best way to navigate through the various landmarks and sights in Karuizawa?
1. Use a map: The first step to navigating through Karuizawa is to get a map. Most hotels, train stations, and tourist information centers provide free maps of the area.
2. Take a walking tour: Walking tours are a great way to see the sights of Karuizawa without having to worry about navigation. Many tour companies offer guided walks that cover popular landmarks and hidden gems.
3. Rent a bicycle: Biking around Karuizawa is a fun and efficient way to explore the town. You can rent bicycles from various rental shops located near the train station.
4. Use public transportation: The local bus system in Karuizawa is well-connected and easy to navigate. You can purchase one-day or multi-day bus passes for unlimited rides.
5. Join organized tours: Various tour companies offer guided tours that cover multiple landmarks and sights in Karuizawa. This is a convenient option if you have limited time or want an expert guide to show you around.
6. Follow recommended routes: There are designated routes in Karuizawa that connect major landmarks and attractions, making it easy to follow and explore on your own.
7. Ask locals for recommendations: Locals are often the best source of information when it comes to exploring their hometown. Don’t hesitate to ask for recommendations on where to go and how to get there.
8. Plan ahead: Before setting out on your sightseeing adventure, plan your route and make note of any must-see landmarks along the way.
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13.Is there an entrance fee or guided tours available for certain historical landmarks or sights in Karuizawa?
It depends on the specific historical landmark or sight. Some may have an entrance fee and others may offer guided tours for an additional fee. It is best to check with the individual attraction for their policies and pricing.
14.Can you suggest any hidden gems or lesser-known spots for sightseeing around Karuizawa?
1. Hiroshi Senju Museum: This museum houses the works of renowned Japanese painter and Karuizawa resident, Hiroshi Senju. The building itself is a stunning work of architecture and the serene surroundings provide the perfect setting to appreciate Senju’s art.2. Kumoba Pond: Located in the heart of Karuizawa, this picturesque pond is surrounded by lush greenery and has a charming walking path surrounding it. It’s a great spot for a peaceful nature walk or even a picnic.
3. Onioshi Hot Spring: Tucked away in the mountains, this hot spring offers breathtaking views of Mount Asama and is known for its healing properties. It’s off the beaten path and perfect for those looking to relax in a quiet setting.
4. Karuizawatadori Shopping Street: While most tourists flock to Kyu-Karuizawa shopping street, this lesser-known street also offers a variety of shops selling local souvenirs, crafts, and traditional Japanese snacks.
5. Sengataki Falls: This waterfall is located about 40 minutes from Karuizawa Station and offers stunning views throughout the year. The autumn foliage here is particularly beautiful.
6. Kazakoshi Park: This park is home to over 10,000 azalea bushes that bloom in vibrant colors during springtime. Visitors can stroll through the park or have a picnic while enjoying these beautiful flowers.
7. Shiraito Falls: Located just outside of Karuizawa town, these falls are one of Japan’s top 100 waterfalls and offer dazzling views year-round.
8. Sezon Museum of Modern Art: This museum showcases modern art pieces from both Japanese and international artists in a tranquil garden setting.
9. Ikoi no Mura (Village Spa): This unique spa offers visitors various relaxation treatments such as hot stone massages and foot baths with natural hot spring water sourced from nearby mountains.
10. Asama Shrine: This historic shrine is situated at the base of Mount Asama and offers a peaceful retreat from the bustling town. It’s also known for its gorgeous autumn foliage.
15.Are there any local festivals or events that showcase the history and culture of Karuizawa?
Yes, there are several local festivals and events in Karuizawa that showcase its history and culture. Some of these include:
1. Karuizawa Summer Festival: This annual festival is held in August and celebrates the local traditional crafts, music, dance, and food.
2. Karuizawa Prince Hotel Arts Festival: This event is held every summer at the Karuizawa Prince Hotel featuring various cultural performances such as music, dance, theater, and art exhibitions.
3. Tochinoki Autumn Festival: This festival takes place in October at the Nakakaruizawa Tochinoki-sato market village. It showcases local agricultural products, handmade crafts, and traditional folk performances.
4. Okushinano Winter Solstice Market: Held on December 22nd every year in the Okushinano district of Karuizawa, this event celebrates the winter solstice with traditional rituals and performances.
5. Ashiyagawara Spring Festival: This festival takes place in April at Ashiyagawara Park where visitors can enjoy traditional music performances, tea ceremonies, and flower viewing.
6. Karuizawa International Culture Exchange Bon Odori Festival: Celebrated in August every year, this event is a fusion of Japanese Bon dance tradition with international cultural exchange through dance performances from different countries.
7. Local History Museum Events: The Karuizawa History Museum holds regular events throughout the year to promote the town’s history and culture through exhibitions, workshops, and lectures.
Overall, these festivals and events offer visitors a chance to experience the unique culture of Karuizawa while also learning about its rich history.
16.How has modernization affected the preservation of historical sites and landmarks in Karuizawa?
Modernization has had a mixed impact on the preservation of historical sites and landmarks in Karuizawa. On one hand, the development of modern infrastructure, such as roads and transportation systems, has made it easier for people to access historical sites and landmarks. This has resulted in an increase in tourism and awareness about these sites.On the other hand, modernization has also led to urbanization and commercialization in Karuizawa, which sometimes comes at the cost of preserving historical sites and landmarks. Many older buildings have been torn down to make way for new developments, and there have been cases of neglect or destruction of some historical sites.
In recent years, there has been a growing effort to balance modernization with preservation in Karuizawa. The local government has implemented regulations to protect important historical sites and promote their conservation. There are also community-led initiatives aimed at preserving traditional buildings through restoration projects.
Overall, while modernization has brought both positive and negative impacts on the preservation of historical sites in Karuizawa, there is a growing recognition of the importance of preserving these cultural treasures for future generations.
17.How long does it typically take to explore all the major historical landmarks and sights in Karuizawa?
It depends on how thorough the exploration is and how much time is spent at each landmark, but it can take anywhere from a full day to several days to explore all the major historical landmarks and sights in Karuizawa.
18.Is photography allowed at these historic sites and landmarks?
It depends on the specific site or landmark and their policies. In general, photography is allowed at most historic sites and landmarks, but tripods and flash may be prohibited in certain areas. It is always best to check the rules and regulations of a specific site before taking photographs. Some sites may also require a photography permit or fee for commercial purposes.
19.Are there any restaurants or cafes near these sights where visitors can stop and rest?
Yes, there are several restaurants and cafes near these sights where visitors can stop and rest. Some options include:
1. The Beanery: This cafe is located near Buckingham Palace and serves a variety of snacks, sandwiches, and drinks.
2. The Albert Pub: This pub is situated near the Tower of London and offers traditional British food and a selection of beers.
3. The Orangery: Located next to Kensington Palace, this elegant restaurant serves afternoon tea and light meals.
4. The Ivy Chelsea Garden: This upscale restaurant is close to the Natural History Museum and offers modern British cuisine in a beautiful garden setting.
5. Borough Market: Near the Tate Modern, this popular food market has a variety of vendors offering street food from around the world.
6. Riverlight Quay Cafe: Situated along the Thames River near Battersea Park, this cozy cafe serves brunch, sandwiches, and coffee.
7. Floral Hall Cafe: Located near Kew Gardens, this charming cafe offers freshly baked pastries, light meals, and a selection of teas.
8. Covent Garden Market: In addition to shopping opportunities, this market has many cafes and restaurants that offer a range of cuisines for visitors to choose from.
20.What measures have been taken to ensure the upkeep and maintenance of these historical landmarks and sights in Karuizawa?
There are several measures that have been taken to ensure the upkeep and maintenance of historical landmarks and sights in Karuizawa:
1. Regular inspections and assessments: The local government conducts regular inspections and assessments of the historical landmarks and sights to identify any maintenance needs and address them promptly.
2. Preservation plans: There are specific preservation plans in place for each historical landmark or sight, outlining the necessary steps to protect and maintain its heritage value.
3. Professional care: Trained professionals such as archaeologists, architects, and conservators are involved in the upkeep and maintenance of these sites to ensure that proper preservation techniques are employed.
4. Funding support: The government provides funding support for the maintenance of historical landmarks through various grants and subsidies, encouraging private organizations to invest in their upkeep as well.
5. Community involvement: The local community plays an active role in preserving and maintaining these sites by participating in volunteer programs, fundraising events, and other activities.
6. Sustainable management practices: Measures such as limited visitor capacity, controlled access, and conservation-friendly activities are adopted to minimize any potential negative impact on these sites.
7. Use of technology: Modern technologies like 3D scanning, laser mapping, etc., are used to monitor the condition of these sites constantly and address any issues promptly.
8. Disaster preparedness: As Karuizawa is prone to natural disasters such as earthquakes, typhoons, etc., there are disaster response plans in place to protect these valuable landmarks from damages during emergencies.
9. Training programs: Heritage conservation training programs are organized for local residents to increase awareness about the significance of these historical landmarks and their proper upkeep.
10. Collaboration with international organizations: Karuizawa has collaborations with international organizations such as UNESCO World Heritage Center for exchanging knowledge on heritage preservation techniques, best practices, etc., ensuring sustainable management of these sites.